Mkar Journal of Management And Social Sciences

IMPLICATIONS OF POLICE SERVICE DELIVERY AND SECURITY CHALLENGES IN NIGERIA

Tyavwase Theophilus Aver — 2025-07-23

There is no gainsaying that crime is rampant across Nigeria despite the presence of police. No day passes without the media report of one form of crime committed or the other in Nigeria. The paper highlights the various dimensions of the malaise which hindered police in service delivery in contemporary Nigeria. The paper adopted Social Resource Theory. The study utilized substantially documentary sources of literature review and analysis as methodology. The finding indicated the inability of police to perform statutory role of service delivery is created by poor funding and inadequate logistics, partisanship, poor welfare services, corruption as well as indiscipline of police officers. This presents a difficult challenge police in service delivery in curbing crime in contemporary Nigeria society. Police grossly compromised standards resulting to their widespread abuse of established rules and procedures in service delivery. Their statutory role in service delivery of crime prevention and control is acknowledged and appreciated. Therefore, there is need for the government should set up a task force to monitor the activities of police at all points. Moreso, the service commission should set up monitoring units, to be monitoring shortchanges in the welfare package of the police in all states. No nothing is more important than security today, security of lives and property is vital to all human endeavours police in all sense should be assisted in order eradicate crime in society.

COMPENSATION STRUCTURE AND EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION: INVESTIGATING THE MODERATING IMPACT OF JOB LEVEL HIERARCHIES

John Christopher Adegbe — 2025-07-23

This study investigates the relationship between compensation structure and employee motivation, with a particular focus on the moderating role of job level within organizational hierarchies. Drawing on motivation theories and compensation models, the research explores how various elements of compensation—monetary rewards, benefits, and performance-based incentives—affect employee engagement, productivity, and satisfaction. The study highlights that the motivational impact of compensation strategies varies significantly across job levels, suggesting that employees in different hierarchical positions perceive and respond to compensation differently. Findings reveal that higher-level employees prioritize long-term rewards and strategic incentives, while lower-level staff may be more responsive to immediate financial compensation. This moderating effect underscores the need for organizations to adopt a differentiated compensation approach that aligns with employee expectations across various job levels. The study contributes to the broader discourse on strategic human resource management as it offers practical insights for designing equitable and effective compensation systems that enhance workforce motivation and organizational performance.

DIET AND NUTRITION: PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES IN NIGERIA

Amina Elisha Atikinkpan — 2025-07-23

Nutrition plays a pivotal role in the public health development of the society. It is a known fact that among all the differences in humanity, food is one of the few things that unite all people. However poor knowledge of diet and poor available for food leads to poor nutrition or malnutrition. Scientific studies including UNICEF, (2012) report have shown that nutrition has increasingly been recognized as a basic pillar for social and economic development and changes in diet can help prevent or control many health problems, including obesity, diabetes and certain risk factors for cancer and heart disease. The issue of poor diet can be addressed when people are knowledgeable of nutrition. However, a multidisciplinary approach is recommended to tackle issues of malnutrition given that its causes are diverse and multi-factorial. This study concludes that malnutrition involves more than just shortage of food and there is no singular solution to prevent and treat under nutrition, so more evidence-based researches, multi-sectorial involvement and political interest is needed.

QUALITY TEACHER EDUCATION FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFORMATION IN NIGERIA

Hanmfe Margaret Lyam — 2025-07-23

Quality teacher education plays a pivotal role in shaping the trajectory of national development and societal transformation in Nigeria. This paper delves into the significance of well-prepared educators in driving progress and explores strategies to enhance the quality of teacher education. It examines the challenges faced by the Nigerian education system and highlights the need for comprehensive reforms to ensure effective teacher preparation. The paper underscores the role of teacher education in producing skilled citizens who can contribute to the country's socio-economic advancement.

ON ALASDAIR MACINTYRE’S NOTION OF PATRIOTISM

Terungwa Solomon Gbagir — 2025-07-23

Patriotism can be seen as a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it can foster a sense of shared values, and collective purpose, but on the other hand, it can lead to nationalist agitations and the suppression of individual rights and freedoms. This study evaluates Macintyre’s concept of patriotism. The study is a qualitative research. Data for the study is sourced from primary and secondary materials. The expository and evaluative methods were employed for this study. The expository method presents MacIntyre’s concept of patriotism while the evaluative method assesses his thoughts, and attempts ascertain its implications on the contemporary society. The study reveals that that the absence of patriotism can lead to a wide range of problems, including social disintegration, cultural erosion, and political instability. Without a sense of shared identity and loyalty, individuals may become disconnected from their community and its values, leading to a decline in social cohesion and civic engagement. This can result in increased conflict, polarization, and fragmentation, as individuals and groups pursue their own self-interests without regard for the common good. Critics however, express the view that Macintyre’s conception on patriotism is overly nostalgic and romantic, as it leads to exclusionary politics. Despite this, MacIntyre’s idea of patriotism remains relevant, particularly in debates about nationalism, immigration, and cultural diversity, and can inform discussions on national identity and morality.

THE STATE AND COMMON GOOD IN THOMAS AQUINAS’ PHILOSOPHY

Terungwa Solomon Gbagir — 2025-07-23

Since time immemorial, the idea of State and what amounts to common good in a sociopolitical order remains one of the most contested issues among philosophers. Thomas Aquinas, an Aristotelian and a Christian Theologian posit that one of the natural goods to which human beings are inclined is to live in society, which must be established, built and maintained by human industry. This is the ideal State, for Aquinas. The study is a qualitative research and data were sourced from primary and secondary sources. The study employs the expository and evaluative methods of research. The expository method exposes what constitutes the State and Common Good for Aquinas while the evaluative method examines the concept and presents a value judgment on same. The study found that the ideal point of departure for one of the most important teachings of Thomistic political philosophy is the political nature of man which is a view taken primarily from the first book of Aristotle’s Politics. Aquinas, like Aristotle, opines that the state emerges from the needs and aspirations of human nature itself. The state develops from other lower societies including both the family and the village, geared towards achieving a common good and in his view, like Aristotle, the good is what all things desire. The common good include such things as protecting life, preserving the state, and promoting peace. The study concludes that the common good attainable in political community is thus a complex good attainable only if the state’s rulers, its families, and its individual citizens all perform their roles and responsibilities.

DEMOGRAPHIC DYNAMICS IN THE 21ST CENTURY: EVALUATING METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORKS FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS

Balarabe Musa Musa — 2025-07-23

Demographic dynamics in the 21st century present complex challenges and opportunities that require interdisciplinary analysis. This paper evaluates methodological frameworks used in demographic studies, exploring how quantitative, qualitative, geospatial, and technological approaches provide insights into global population trends. Drawing on the Demographic Transition Theory (DTT), the study examines population shifts such as aging in Europe, rapid urbanization in Africa, and population decline in Japan, highlighting their economic, social, and policy implications. The paper critiques traditional demographic methodologies, emphasizing the need for big data analytics, AI-driven modeling, and GIS mapping to enhance demographic forecasting. Policy recommendations focus on strengthening population policies, improving urban planning, addressing aging crises, and leveraging technology for better demographic management. Ultimately, the study underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration to develop adaptive solutions for emerging demographic challenges.

EFFECT OF RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ON PROCUREMENT PERFORMANCE IN FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE MAKURDI, BENUE STATE

Uza Mary Teryima — 2025-07-23

The paper examined the effect of Risk Management Strategies on Procurement Performance in the Federal Medical Center (FMC) Makurdi, Benue State. A cross-sectional survey research design was adopted, with a target population of 361 employees of the hospital. Census technique was adopted and purposive sampling was used to select the sample size from among top management staff, procurement unit, account and finance and internal audit departments of FMC Makurdi. Data collection involved the use of structured questionnaire. Regression analysis was used to achieve the study objectives while t-test and p-values were used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 significance level. Findings revealed that risk avoidance (RAV), risk reduction (RRE), risk transfer (RTR) and risk acceptance (RAC) as risk management strategies all have significant positive effect on procurement performance in FMC Makurdi. Based on the findings, the study recommended amongst others that management of FMC Makurdi should strictly adhere to procurement regulations and conduct thorough supplier evaluations to avoid risks associated with unreliable vendors.

ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS AND VENTURE INNOVATION IN SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN BENUE STATE

Tersoo Abeda — 2025-07-23

The study examined the relationship between entrepreneurial skills and venture innovativeness of SMEs in Benue State, Nigeria. The main objective was to determine the relationship between dimensions of entrepreneurial skills and measures of venture innovativeness of SMEs. Ten research questions and ten hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted the cross-sectional survey in its investigation of the variables. The population for the study was 180 drawn from 10 SMEs. The sample size was 123 using the Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table. A structured questionnaire was used. Data generated were analyzed and presented using both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The hypotheses were tested using Spearman's Rank Order Correlation Statistics while the partial correlation was used to test the moderating influence on the variables. The tests were carried out at a 95% confidence interval and a 0.05 level of significance. In line with the specific objectives, the following findings emerged; there is a significant correlation between dimensions of entrepreneurial skills and measures of venture innovativeness. Therefore, the study concluded that dimensions of entrepreneurship skills and measures of venture innovativeness. The paper thus, recommends that entrepreneurs should read and seek for information to assist in their quest for entrepreneurial skills in SMEs within Benue State.

EVOLUTION OF MOTIVATION THEORIES: A REVIEW OF EARLY APPROACHES AS A FOUNDATION FOR CONTEMPORARY MODELS

Christopher Sunday Ologunowa — 2025-07-23

The study of motivation theories has evolved significantly over time, shaping both psychological and organizational frameworks for understanding human behavior. This paper provides a comprehensive review of early motivation theories, examining their foundational principles and assessing their influence on modern approaches. Beginning with classical perspectives such as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, and McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y, the study traces the shift from instinct-based models to cognitive and behavioral frameworks. The emergence of self-determination theory, expectancy theory, and goal-setting theory reflects the increasing complexity of motivation research in contemporary contexts. The review highlights how early theories laid the groundwork for modern applications in education, workplace dynamics, and behavioral psychology. Findings suggest that while classical models remain relevant, current motivation frameworks integrate cognitive, emotional, and social factors to better address the complexities of human drive. The study advocates for a holistic approach to motivation research, emphasizing the interplay between individual differences, environmental influences, and psychological needs in shaping modern theories.

INFLUENCE OF COLONIAL TRIPOD-POWER-BLOC ON POLITICS AND POLICY MAKING IN POST-INDEPENDENT NIGERIA

Uzoma Joseph Nkamuke — 2025-07-23

Nigeria, as a nation-state finds it difficult to manage ethno-nationalism, partly because the British imposed a scheme that resulted in a lopsided federation. The implication was that the old monolithic North was overwhelmingly larger in landmass and population than the two other areas of the three pre-independence regions. Each of the three regions was under a hegemonic power bloc that ensured its stranglehold on its affairs. Each region also has minority groups. More often, attempts were made by the octopus nations to exclude the minority groupings from mainstream governance decisions and confine them to the position of drawers of water. The result is a tendency towards centrifugal pulls by the country's blocs, resulting in a country with a “low federal political culture” whose components are unable to “think federal” even after independence. The paper uses Identity theory to explain the nature of ethnic, factitious politics in post-colonial Nigeria. Using historical-descriptive methods of analysis, the paper concludes that the major drivers of the three hegemonic tribes are bent on creating a federal environment where sectional attributions remain the firma terra for all decision-making, political discussions, and actions. Based on this conclusion, it is recommended that attention should be on engraining qualities that respect and uphold all basic principles of federalism, that minorities should be allowed space to develop along with others and at their own pace, and that elections and census exercises should be conducted following regional and international best practices.

ECONOMIC LIVELIHOOD AND CYBER FRAUD: A STUDY OF THE MOTIVATIONS, INCOME AND EXPENDITURE PATTERNS OF YAHOO BOYS IN OGHARA, DELTA STATE, NIGERIA

Ochuko Oluku — 2025-07-23

Cyber fraud or yahoo-yahoo has been elevated to the status of a vocation or business among the youths in Nigeria. Hence, the proliferation and acceptance of cyberfraud as a personal income earning occupationis continuing unabated across towns and villages in the country with scam craft emerge as a career choice for many young people. This paper examines the economic issues relating to the motivation, income and expenditure patterns of yahoo boys in Oghara. The qualitative research design was adopted for the study while the in-depth interview technique, complemented by non-participant observation was the instruments for data collection. A sample of 18 yahoo boys was obtained using the purposive and the snowballing techniques. Data collected was thematically arranged andanalysed. The findings revealed that youth decisions to take to yahoo-yahoo scam are economic, as their entry was influenced by the desire for quick financial successes. The finding also indicates that the huge proceeds from the scam are usually lavished on articles of ostentation and on supposedly girlfriends. The study recommends an enactment of laws by the Government to deter yahoo and cybercrime offenders; deployment technologies, and re-orientation campaign for reformation of repentant yahoo boys.

GENDER EXPLOITATION AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS IN AFRICA: IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

Dennnis Luka Gwarmari — 2025-07-23

Labour is prone and opened to numerous exploitations in industrial relations between employees who sell their labour power as a means of survival on one hand, to employers who use their labour power to create surplus value for themselves on the other hand. The exploitation has further created unequal industrial relations between men and women but with the female gender position at a more subservient position often opened to both fellow employees' exploitation on one hand and the employers' exploitation on the other hand. The paper focused on types of exploitation women's suffered, factors influencing gender-based exploitation, and the consequences of this exploitation on women advancement in the formal sector. The study adopted a Marxist Feminist perspective. The paper is a documentary review of literature and statistical data analysis on gender exploitation. The paper concludes that gender exploitation in industrial relations cannot easily be reduced to the barest minimum level until women are given equal access to employment opportunities; women should establish and head companies; more women should be included as board members of both private and public organizations and should be given specialized courts to speedily handle issues of gender exploitation in industrial relations. It also calls for a general reorientation of women to rise against issues of all forms of exploitation.

MIGRATION AND RURAL CONFLICTS IN NIGERIA: EXAMINING THE INFLUX OF HERDSMEN INTO SANKARA, BENUE NORTH-EAST GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRICT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SECURITY

Terngu Asaasuen — 2025-07-23

The paper examines farmer-herdsmen conflict in Katsina-Ala, Logo, and Ukum LGAs of Benue State, focusing on the social security threats posed by the influx of herdsmen from 2014 to 2024. The paper employs a mixed-method approach, utilizing field surveys, oral interviews. 300 structured questionnaires were used to gather primary data from farmers and herdsmen. Secondary data is sourced from academic journals and textbooks. The Pearson correlation tests hypotheses was used to establish a significant relationship between migration and escalating rural conflicts. Findings reveal that the increased migration of herdsmen has severely disrupted economic development, with host farmers suffering livelihood losses due to land displacement, resource competition, and security breakdowns. The study advocates for the swift ejection of herdsmen from occupied territories, the resettlement of displaced farmers, and adequate compensation; reinforcement of the Anti-Open Grazing Law (2017), and provision of educational and social infrastructure destroyed in the ongoing conflict.

NIGERIA’S FEDERALISM AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTONOMY

Iorfa David Ude — 2025-07-23

The paper examines Nigeria’s federalism as it relates to local government administrative and financial autonomy. It adopts qualitative approach using secondary sources of data collection. Findings revealed that local government in Nigeria lacks administrative and financial autonomy to fully carry out their functions as enshrined in the 4^th schedule to the 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria as amended. This has negatively affected development at the grassroots level. The study recommends that if local government is given full autonomy, it would be able to make and implement decisions, look into the needs of the people, plan and execute projects, and provide them with basic amenities such as education, infrastructure, health and social amenities. The local government would become more efficient and effective to render and deliver services for the advancement and wellbeing of rural duelers in Nigeria.

FEDERALISM AND NATIONAL COHESION: JUXTAPOSING THE NIGERIA AND USA’S EXPERIENCES

Michael Terver Akpar — 2025-07-23

Federalism plays a pivotal role in shaping national cohesion, governance stability, and socio-political integration. This study examines the differing experiences of Nigeria and the United States, highlighting the structural, historical, and functional disparities in their federal systems. While both nations operate multi-tiered governance frameworks, the effectiveness of their intergovernmental relations, political inclusivity, and institutional resilience differs substantially. The analysis reveals that Nigeria’s federalism has been plagued by ethnic marginalization, resource allocation conflicts, centralized authority control, and persistent political instability, weakening national unity. Conversely, the United States has maintained cooperative federalism, where intergovernmental collaboration fosters stability, inclusivity, and effective policy implementation. The study attributes Nigeria’s challenges to military interventions, weak institutional frameworks, and politicized ethnic divisions, while the U.S. has benefited from centuries of democratic governance, well-defined state autonomy, and structured conflict resolution mechanisms. Findings underscore the urgent need for constitutional reforms, strengthened democratic values, and intergovernmental collaboration in Nigeria to enhance national cohesion. Policy recommendations include decentralized governance structures, improved electoral credibility, and stronger enforcement of democratic principles to ensure sustainable federalism.

PARTY FORMATION AND LEADERSHIP RECRUITMENT PROCESSES IN THE POST-COLONIAL STATE OF NIGERIA

Williams Kajiva Korna — 2025-07-23

Modern democracy has made leadership recruitment process through way leaders emerge. The paper assesses party formation and politics imbedded in the formation of these parties from the first generation political parties to the present political parties in Nigeria. Historical analysis was used. The paper found that Nigeria’s recruitment process lacks transparency, even as it features politics of mediocrity and power play, which often leads to the emergence of leaders against the actual mandate of members of the political party. It further reveals that politicians keep jumping from one political party to another due to lack of clear ideology. The paper thus, suggests that internal democracy of political parties to be instituted; removal of the provision for second term; and that zoning system should be codified and concretized in the parties’ constitution.

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF BIAFRA’S SECESSION AGITATION, ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHEAST, NIGERIA

Tyavwase Theophilus Aver — 2025-07-23

The paper explores the secession activities of the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) in Southeast Nigeria, with the aim to determine the effects of sit-at-home economic boycotts as declared by IPOB and the implications on sustainable development goals. The paper adopts Frustration Aggression Theory. It utilised documentary review and statistical data analysis related to indigenous people of Biafra’s secession agitation, economic boycotts and implications for sustainable development. The paper found that secession agitation by IPOB aims at drawing the attention of the federal government of Nigeria to the desire of IPOB to gain self-determination owing to marginalization and discrimination. The secessionists’ actions for self-determination became violent, and destroyed public and private infrastructure, which led to the arrest and detention of their leader, Nnamdi Kanu. The paper concludes that the use of violence and economic boycotts as instruments for self-determination and actualization has significantly affected the economic growth of southeast Nigeria. It thus, recommends that the federal government of Nigeria and its judiciary should also expedite the trial process of the detained leader of IPOB, Nnadi Kanu, as his detention and violent protest by his foot soldiers has negative implications on the economy, safety and progress of South-East Nigeria.

POLITICS AND RELIGION IN NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT

Samuel C. Ugoh — 2025-07-23

Nigeria is confronted today with the challenges of political and religious crises in a manner as never before. Since independence in 1960, the country still faces frequent sectarian turmoil that raises some very fundamental questions about the nature of citizen’s identity and its implications for integrity. Despite the remedial policies meant to assuage tensions, ethnic and religious conflicts still persist. One of the problems is that these policies were applied in negative ways. Unrelatedly, some basic policies embedded in the political restructuring by the successive governments were not directed to the root causes of the crises. Impact, the politicization of government policies have led to ethnic, regional and religious tensions that featured frequently in the minds of the people. This has affected the growth of a national identity in spite of the ideology of nationalism. The question is can this issue be stopped under the entity called Nigeria? The thrust of this paper is the recognition of the reality that Nigeria exhibits diverse identities difficult to co-exist. The paper therefore concludes that the unity of Nigerian nationhood depends on powerful institutions capable of democratizing the relationship between the distinct nationalities and the nation- state which help to bring sustainable development.

WESTERN HEGEMONY AND THE STRUGGLES OF INDIGENOUS AFRICAN POLITICAL THEORY

Michael Terver Akpar — 2025-07-23

The paper explores the challenges posed by Western dominance in shaping indigenous African political thought, emphasizing historical, epistemological, and methodological barriers. Using postcolonial theory and Afrocentricity as its framework, the paper adopts a qualitative methodology that combines historical analysis with critical discourse evaluation to assess how Western epistemologies have influenced African governance structures. The study draws on traditional governance systems and the political thought of African intellectuals like Kwame Nkrumah, Julius Nyerere, and Kwasi Wiredu to demonstrate that African political traditions grounded in communalism, participatory democracy, and consensus-building, offer credible alternatives to Western models but remain marginalized due to persistent academic and political biases. The paper advocates for the revitalization of African political thought through the reclamation of indigenous epistemologies, integration of traditional governance principles, and support for African-led scholarship. Therefore, decolonizing political theory through academic reform, policy transformation, and interdisciplinary research is essential for advancing governance models that reflect Africa’s sociopolitical heritage and enable meaningful participation in global political discourse.