About the Journal

MKAR JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND DEVELOPMENT (MJED)

The Mkar Journal of Economics and Development (MJED) is an international, open-access, double-blind peer-reviewed scholarly journal dedicated to advancing research in economics, development studies, and related interdisciplinary fields.

The journal provides a scholarly platform for researchers, academics, policymakers, practitioners, development professionals and postgraduate researchers to disseminate rigorous theoretical, empirical and policy-oriented research addressing contemporary economic and development challenges.

MJED welcomes original research that contributes to the advancement of economic knowledge and provides meaningful theoretical, methodological or policy contributions. The journal particularly encourages research addressing issues relevant to developing economies, emerging markets, Africa and the global economy.

Aims and Scope

The journal publishes high-quality research across a broad range of areas, including but not limited to:

Development Economics
Environmental and Natural Resource Economics
Agricultural Economics
International Economics
Monetary Economics
Macroeconomics and Microeconomics
Labour and Employment Economics
Public Economics and Public Finance
Financial Economics and Financial Institutions
Econometrics and Applied Econometrics
Health Economics
Energy Economics
Behavioural Economics
Institutional Economics
Economic Growth and Development
Poverty, Inequality and Inclusive Growth
Climate Change and Sustainable Development
Environmental Sustainability
Economic Policy and Governance
Regional and Urban Economics
Political Economy
Entrepreneurship and Innovation
Digital Economy
Development Finance
Trade, Migration and Globalisation
Economic History
Gender and Development
Education Economics
Population Economics
Food Security and Agricultural Development
Infrastructure and Economic Development
Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

MJED welcomes interdisciplinary research where economics and development perspectives are meaningfully integrated with other social sciences, environmental sciences, public policy, data science or related disciplines.

Types of Manuscripts

The journal considers the following scholarly contributions:

Original research articles;
Theoretical articles;
Empirical research papers;
Review articles;
Systematic literature reviews;
Methodological and econometric papers;
Policy-oriented research papers; and
Carefully developed conceptual papers that make a clear scholarly contribution.

All manuscripts must demonstrate originality, scholarly relevance and methodological or conceptual rigour appropriate to the type of submission.,

EDITORIAL INDEPENDENCE

Editorial decisions are based on scholarly merit, originality, methodological quality, relevance to the journal’s scope and contribution to knowledge. Editorial decisions are not influenced by the author’s nationality, institutional affiliation, gender, ethnicity, religion, political affiliation or other personal characteristics.

The journal maintains editorial independence and expects all editors, reviewers and authors to adhere to internationally recognised standards of research and publication integrity.

PEER REVIEW

MJED operates a double-blind peer-review process, under which the identities of authors and reviewers are concealed from one another to the extent practicable.

Manuscripts are first subjected to an editorial screening to determine their suitability for the journal’s scope, originality, scholarly quality and compliance with submission requirements. Manuscripts that pass the initial screening are normally evaluated by independent reviewers with relevant subject expertise.

The final publication decision rests with the Editor-in-Chief or an appropriately authorised editor, taking into consideration the reviewers’ reports and the journal’s editorial standards.

Peer review does not guarantee acceptance. A manuscript may be rejected at any stage where substantial concerns regarding originality, methodological quality, ethical compliance, data integrity or scholarly contribution are identified.

OPEN ACCESS

MJED is committed to providing immediate and unrestricted online access to its published scholarly content, subject to the journal’s stated copyright and licensing terms.

Readers may access, read and download published articles without subscription or registration requirements.

PUBLICATION FREQUENCY

The journal publishes quarterly.

The journal is committed to maintaining a regular and reliable publication schedule. Any change to the publication frequency will be communicated transparently on the journal website.

Journal Identifiers

ISSN (Print): 3043-5110
The Editorial Board is committed to securing e-ISSN for the journal which will soon be available.

Publisher

Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Mkar, Mkar - Nigeria
Country: Nigeria
Institutional Address: Department of Economics, University of Mkar, Mkar, P.M.B. 017, Gboko, Benue State, Nigeria.

Archiving and Digital Preservation

MJED is committed to ensuring the long-term accessibility and preservation of its published scholarly record. The journal will maintain appropriate digital backup and preservation arrangements and will participate, where feasible, in recognised digital preservation and scholarly repository systems.

International Orientation

Although the journal is based in Nigeria, MJED has an international scholarly orientation. The journal welcomes submissions from researchers and institutions worldwide and seeks to maintain a geographically diverse editorial board, reviewer pool and authorship base.

The journal’s objective is to promote rigorous scholarship that contributes to economic and development debates at local, national, regional and international levels.

ARTICLE PROCESSING CHARGES, FEES AND WAIVER POLICY

The Mkar Journal of Economics and Development (MJED) is committed to transparent disclosure of all charges payable by authors.

Any fee charged by the journal shall be clearly stated on the journal website before or at the point of manuscript submission.

Article Processing Charge

Article Processing Charge (APC): ₦50,000.00 or $40

The APC applies only to manuscripts that have successfully completed the journal’s editorial and peer-review process and have received an acceptance decision, unless otherwise stated.

Payment of an APC does not influence:

editorial screening;
peer-review;
reviewer selection;
editorial decisions; or
the likelihood of publication.

Submission Fee

Submission Fee: NO SUBMISSION FEE

Other Charges

The journal will clearly disclose any additional charges, including where applicable:

editorial processing fees;
page charges;
colour charges;
language-editing charges;
supplementary-material charges; and
other publication-related charges.

No undisclosed charge will be imposed on authors.

Waivers and Discounts

Where fee waivers or discounts are available, eligibility criteria and application procedures will be stated clearly on the journal website.

Authors seeking a waiver should apply before or at the time of submission where practicable.

Waiver decisions are independent of editorial and peer-review decisions.

Refunds

Where applicable, refund conditions will be communicated transparently before payment.

Payment of a fee does not create an entitlement to publication.

Financial Transparency

The journal may receive revenue through article processing charges, institutional support, grants, subscriptions to print copies or other lawful publishing activities.

Revenue considerations must not determine editorial decisions.

ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING

The Mkar Journal of Economics and Development (MJED) is committed to increasing the international discoverability, accessibility and visibility of its scholarly publications.

The journal is pursuing inclusion in recognised scholarly databases, abstracting services and indexing platforms that meet appropriate standards of academic quality and transparency.

Current Abstracting and Indexing target:

The journal is currently pursuing indexing /abstracting in the followqing:

DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)
Google Scholar
CrossRef
Scopus and Web of Science

Important Notice

The inclusion of MJED in any indexing or abstracting service will be announced only after formal confirmation by the relevant indexing organisation.

MJED does not claim inclusion, accreditation, ranking or indexing in any database or service without verifiable official confirmation.

Authors and readers are encouraged to verify indexing information through the official website of the relevant indexing organisation.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND GENERATIVE AI POLICY

The Mkar Journal of Economics and Development (MJED) recognises that artificial intelligence and generative AI tools are increasingly used in research and scholarly communication.

The journal permits responsible use of such tools while maintaining human responsibility for research integrity and scholarly accuracy.

Authors

Authors may use AI-assisted tools for appropriate purposes such as:

language improvement;
grammar and spelling correction;
formatting assistance;
coding assistance;
brainstorming; and
other legitimate research-support functions.

Authors remain fully responsible for the accuracy, originality, integrity and validity of the manuscript.

Where generative AI has been used substantially in preparing the manuscript beyond routine language correction, authors should disclose the nature and extent of that use.

AI Cannot Be an Author

AI systems and generative AI tools cannot be listed as authors or co-authors.

Authors must retain responsibility for all claims, analyses, interpretations, references and conclusions.

AI-Generated References

Authors must independently verify all references and citations produced or assisted by AI systems.

Fabricated or unverifiable references constitute a serious scholarly concern.

Reviewers

Reviewers must not upload confidential manuscripts or unpublished manuscript content into publicly accessible generative AI systems.

Reviewers must not use generative AI to produce substantive peer-review reports where doing so could compromise confidentiality, accuracy or independent scholarly judgement.

Editors

Editors must protect confidential manuscript information and must not upload unpublished manuscripts or confidential editorial correspondence into generative AI systems unless the journal has an approved secure system and appropriate safeguards.

AI Detection

AI-detection tools may be used as supplementary indicators but will not, by themselves, constitute proof of misconduct.

Any concern identified through automated tools must be evaluated by a human editor.

Human Responsibility

AI-assisted publication processes remain subject to human oversight.

The use of AI does not transfer scholarly, ethical or legal responsibility from the authors, reviewers, editors or publisher.

AUTHORSHIP AND CONTRIBUTORSHIP POLICY

MJED recognises authorship as both a scholarly credit and a responsibility.

Individuals listed as authors must have made substantial intellectual or scholarly contributions to the research and must be able to take responsibility for the integrity of the work.

Author Responsibilities

All authors should:

approve the final manuscript;
agree to its submission;
participate appropriately in responding to editorial queries;
disclose relevant conflicts of interest;
approve corrections where necessary; and
accept responsibility for the integrity of their contribution.

Corresponding Author

The corresponding author serves as the principal contact between the authors and the journal.

The corresponding author should ensure that:

all authors have approved the manuscript;
author details are accurate;
the author order has been agreed;
all required declarations are submitted; and
all authors are informed of editorial decisions.

Changes in Authorship

Requests to add, remove or reorder authors after submission must be justified in writing and approved by all affected authors.

The journal may require institutional confirmation where authorship disputes arise.

Contributors

Individuals who contributed to the research but do not qualify for authorship may be acknowledged with their permission.

Ghost, Guest and Honorary Authorship

MJED does not recognise:

ghost authorship;
guest authorship;
honorary authorship; or
authorship granted solely because of seniority, institutional position or funding status.

Artificial Intelligence

AI systems and generative AI tools cannot be listed as authors because they cannot accept responsibility for the work, disclose conflicts of interest or approve the final manuscript.

Authors remain responsible for the content of manuscripts prepared with AI assistance.

COMPLAINTS AND APPEALS POLICY

The Mkar Journal of Economics and Development (MJED) is committed to handling complaints and appeals fairly, transparently and confidentially.

Appeals Against Editorial Decisions

An author may appeal an editorial decision where there is a reasonable basis to believe that:

a significant factual error affected the decision;
a reviewer had an undisclosed conflict of interest;
a serious procedural irregularity occurred; or
relevant evidence was not appropriately considered.

Appeals should provide specific reasons and supporting evidence.

Reviewer Disagreement

Disagreement with a reviewer’s academic opinion alone does not necessarily constitute grounds for an appeal.

The Editor-in-Chief may seek an additional independent assessment where appropriate.

Complaints About Editors or Reviewers

Complaints concerning the conduct of editors or reviewers should be submitted to the Editor-in-Chief.

Where the complaint concerns the Editor-in-Chief, it should be submitted to: The Publisher Authority

Complaints About the Publisher

Complaints concerning the publisher or journal administration should be directed to:

Authority of University of Mkar, Mkar - Nigeria

Confidentiality

Complaints and appeals will be handled confidentially to the extent reasonably possible.

Non-Retaliation

The journal will not penalise individuals who raise genuine publication-ethics concerns in good faith.

Finality

The journal may consider an appeal final where the relevant editorial process has been appropriately followed and no new substantive evidence is presented.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY

The Mkar Journal of Economics and Development (MJED) requires authors, editors and reviewers to disclose actual, potential or perceived conflicts of interest.

A conflict of interest may arise where personal, financial, institutional, professional or academic relationships could reasonably influence—or appear to influence—scholarly judgement.

Authors

Authors must disclose relevant:

financial interests;
research funding;
employment relationships;
consultancies;
institutional interests;
personal relationships; and
other circumstances that could influence the research.

Where no conflict exists, authors should state:

“The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.”

Editors

Editors must not handle manuscripts where a conflict of interest exists.

An alternative editor will be appointed where appropriate.

Reviewers

Reviewers must decline assignments where a conflict of interest could affect impartiality.

Disclosure and Publication

Relevant conflict-of-interest declarations may be published with the article where appropriate.

Failure to disclose a material conflict may constitute publication misconduct.

CORRECTIONS, EXPRESSIONS OF CONCERN AND RETRACTIONS POLICY

The Mkar Journal of Economics and Development (MJED) is committed to maintaining the integrity of the scholarly record.

Where an error or integrity concern is identified after publication, the journal will assess the matter and take appropriate action.

Corrections

A correction may be published where an error affects the accuracy or clarity of an article but does not invalidate the principal findings.

Retractions

An article may be retracted where, for example:

the findings are materially unreliable;
significant fabrication or falsification is established;
substantial plagiarism is identified;
the article has been published elsewhere improperly;
serious ethical violations occurred; or
other circumstances materially compromise the integrity of the publication.

A retracted article will remain part of the scholarly record where technically possible, but its status will be clearly identified.

Expressions of Concern

Where a serious concern exists but an investigation has not yet been completed, the journal may publish an expression of concern.

Post-Publication Amendments

Corrections and retractions will be linked to the original article and will identify the nature and reason for the amendment.

Editorial Independence

Post-publication decisions will be made independently of commercial considerations.

The journal’s primary objective is to maintain the accuracy and integrity of the scholarly record.

DATA AVAILABILITY AND REPRODUCIBILITY POLICY

The Mkar Journal of Economics and Development (MJED) supports transparency, reproducibility and responsible sharing of research data.

Authors are encouraged to make the data, analytical code and other supporting materials underlying published findings available where ethically, legally and practically possible.

Data Availability Statement

Research articles involving empirical analysis should include a data availability statement where applicable.

Examples include:

“The data supporting the findings of this study are publicly available from [repository/source].”

“The data used in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request, subject to applicable restrictions.”

“This study uses publicly available secondary data obtained from [source].”

Confidential and Restricted Data

Authors must not disclose confidential, personal or legally restricted data.

Where data cannot be publicly shared, authors should explain the applicable restrictions.

Analytical Materials

Where feasible, authors are encouraged to provide:

datasets;
code;
statistical syntax;
replication files;
model specifications; and
supplementary methodological materials.

Data Integrity

Authors are responsible for ensuring that datasets and analytical materials are accurate and appropriately documented.

Reproducibility

Authors should provide sufficient methodological detail to permit readers and researchers to understand and, where feasible, reproduce the reported analysis.

Data Requests

Where data are available upon reasonable request, requests should be directed to the corresponding author unless another custodian is identified.

The journal may request supporting materials where necessary to investigate concerns about published findings.

DOUBLE-BLIND PEER-REVIEW POLICY

The Mkar Journal of Economics and Development (MJED) uses a double-blind peer-review process for scholarly research articles.

Under this system, the identity of the authors is concealed from reviewers and the identity of reviewers is concealed from authors.

Editorial Screening

Every manuscript undergoes an initial editorial assessment before external review.

The assessment considers:

relevance to the journal’s aims and scope;
originality;
scholarly contribution;
methodological quality;
clarity and organisation;
compliance with author guidelines;
ethical considerations; and
plagiarism or inappropriate text similarity.

A manuscript may be declined at the editorial screening stage where it falls outside the journal’s scope or does not meet the minimum scholarly requirements.

External Peer Review

Manuscripts that pass editorial screening are normally assigned to at least two independent reviewers with appropriate expertise.

Reviewers assess:

originality and contribution;
theoretical foundation;
literature engagement;
research design;
methodological rigour;
validity of data and analysis;
interpretation of findings;
clarity of presentation;
references; and
overall contribution to economics and development scholarship.

Reviewer Selection

Reviewers are selected based on subject expertise, methodological competence, publication record and absence of relevant conflicts of interest.

The journal seeks to maintain an appropriate degree of independence between authors and reviewers.

Reviewer Confidentiality

Reviewers must treat manuscripts as confidential documents.

They must not:

share manuscripts with unauthorised persons;
reproduce substantial parts of manuscripts;
use unpublished information for personal research;
contact authors directly concerning the manuscript; or
disclose their review without editorial permission.

Reviewer Reports

Reviews should be objective, evidence-based, constructive and sufficiently detailed to assist the authors in improving their manuscript.

Personal criticism of authors is unacceptable.

Editorial Decision

Following peer review, the handling editor may recommend:

Acceptance;
Minor Revision;
Major Revision;
Rejection; or
another decision considered appropriate under the circumstances.

The final decision rests with the Editor-in-Chief or authorised handling editor.

Revision

Where revisions are requested, authors should submit a revised manuscript and a detailed response to reviewers explaining how each substantive comment has been addressed.

Reviewer Conflicts of Interest

A reviewer must decline an assignment where a personal, professional, financial or academic relationship could compromise impartiality.

Editorial Board and Reviewer Submissions

Manuscripts submitted by the Editor-in-Chief, editors, editorial-board members or individuals with a close relationship to the journal will be handled independently and will receive the same level of peer review as other manuscripts.

The journal will take reasonable measures to minimise editorial endogeneity.

Special Issues

Special issues, where published, will remain under the overall editorial responsibility of the Editor-in-Chief and will be subject to the journal’s normal scholarly and ethical standards.

Guest editors will not have authority to bypass the journal’s peer-review requirements.

Peer-Review Transparency

MJED will endeavour to display article submission, revision, acceptance and publication dates on published articles where technically and operationally feasible.

JOURNAL OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT

Journal Ownership

The Mkar Journal of Economics and Development (MJED) is owned and published by:

Department of Economics, University of Mkar, Mkar - Nigeria

Country of Registration: Nigeria

Official Address:
Department of Economics, University of Mkar, Mkar – Nigeria, P.M.B. 017, Gboko, Benue State, Nigeria

Management

The journal is managed through an editorial structure consisting of:

Editor-in-Chief;
Managing Editor;
Associate Editors;
Editorial Board; and
other editorial and administrative personnel as appropriate.

Editorial Independence

The journal’s editorial decisions are independent of commercial interests.

The owner or publisher shall not interfere with editorial decisions concerning individual manuscripts.

Publisher Responsibilities

The publisher supports:

maintenance of the journal website;
publication infrastructure;
preservation of published content;
DOI and metadata services where applicable;
financial and administrative management;
compliance with applicable legal requirements; and
support for ethical and transparent publishing.

Transparency

The journal will publicly disclose material changes to ownership, publisher, editorial leadership, ISSN or other significant journal characteristics.

OPEN ACCESS POLICY

The Mkar Journal of Economics and Development (MJED) is committed to providing immediate and unrestricted online access to its scholarly publications.

Published articles are made freely available to readers without subscription or registration requirements.

Readers may access, read and download published articles subject to the applicable copyright and Creative Commons licensing terms.

MJED does not impose an embargo period on its open-access scholarly articles.

The journal supports the broad dissemination and accessibility of scholarly research and recognises open access as an important mechanism for increasing the visibility and potential impact of academic research.

All open-access terms applicable to published articles shall be clearly stated on the journal website and within the published article.

The journal’s open-access model does not compromise editorial independence. Payment of an article processing charge, where applicable, does not guarantee acceptance and does not influence peer-review or editorial decisions.

PLAGIARISM AND RESEARCH MISCONDUCT POLICY

The Mkar Journal of Economics and Development (MJED) has a zero-tolerance approach to plagiarism, fabrication, falsification and other forms of research and publication misconduct.

Plagiarism

Plagiarism includes, but is not limited to:

copying text without appropriate attribution;
presenting another person’s ideas as one’s own;
copying data, tables, figures or analytical results without acknowledgement;
inappropriate paraphrasing;
substantial unattributed reuse of previously published material; and
self-plagiarism or inappropriate text recycling.

Similarity Screening

Manuscripts may be subjected to similarity screening before or during peer review.

A similarity percentage alone will not determine whether plagiarism has occurred. Editors will assess the nature, source and context of matching text.

Fabrication

Fabrication means inventing data, observations, participants, results, references or other research information that did not exist.

Fabrication is prohibited.

Falsification

Falsification includes manipulating research materials, data, procedures, statistical results, images or reporting in a manner that misrepresents the research.

Citation Manipulation

The journal prohibits inappropriate citation practices intended primarily to increase citation counts or manipulate journal metrics.

Authors must cite literature because it is substantively relevant to the research.

Peer-Review Manipulation

The journal prohibits:

fake reviewer identities;
fabricated reviewer reports;
manipulation of reviewer recommendations;
impersonation of reviewers; and
attempts to influence peer-review outcomes improperly.

Investigation

Where misconduct is suspected, the journal may request explanations, original data, analytical files, ethical approvals or other documentation.

Where appropriate, the journal may refer the matter to the author’s institution or other competent authority.

Sanctions

Depending on the circumstances, the journal may:

reject the manuscript;
suspend consideration of related submissions;
issue a correction or retraction;
notify the relevant institution;
record the misconduct internally; or
take other appropriate action consistent with publication-ethics principles.

Post-Publication Misconduct

Concerns about published articles will be investigated even after publication.

Where necessary, the journal will correct, annotate, issue an expression of concern about, or retract the affected article.

PUBLICATION ETHICS AND MALPRACTICE POLICY

Mkar Journal of Economics and Development (MJED)

The Mkar Journal of Economics and Development (MJED) is committed to maintaining the highest standards of academic integrity, research integrity and responsible scholarly publishing.

The journal follows internationally recognised principles of publication ethics and good scholarly publishing practice, including the principles promoted by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and other relevant scholarly publishing organisations.

This policy applies to authors, editors, reviewers, members of the editorial board and the publisher.

1. Editorial Integrity

Editorial decisions are based on the scholarly quality, originality, methodological rigour, relevance, clarity and contribution of submitted manuscripts.

Editors must make decisions independently and must not discriminate against authors on the basis of nationality, institutional affiliation, gender, ethnicity, religion, political opinion or other irrelevant personal characteristics.

Editors must not use unpublished information contained in submitted manuscripts for their own research or professional advantage.

2. Author Responsibilities

Authors are responsible for ensuring that:

the submitted manuscript is original;
the manuscript has not been published previously;
the manuscript is not simultaneously under consideration by another journal;
all listed authors have made legitimate contributions to the work;
all authors have approved the submitted version;
the data and findings are accurately reported;
sources are properly acknowledged;
relevant ethical approvals have been obtained where required;
conflicts of interest are disclosed;
funding sources are disclosed; and
any use of generative artificial intelligence is appropriately disclosed.

Authors must not fabricate, falsify, manipulate or selectively report research data or findings.

3. Plagiarism and Duplicate Publication

MJED considers plagiarism, substantial text recycling, duplicate publication, redundant publication and inappropriate appropriation of another person’s ideas, words, data or results to be forms of publication misconduct.

Submitted manuscripts may be screened using appropriate similarity-detection tools.

Where substantial plagiarism or duplicate publication is identified, the manuscript may be rejected and further action may be taken where appropriate.

4. Fabrication and Falsification

Fabrication of data, falsification of data, manipulation of research materials, manipulation of images or other forms of research misrepresentation are unacceptable.

Where concerns arise, the journal may request supporting data, analytical files, ethical documentation or other evidence necessary to assess the integrity of the research.

5. Authorship Misconduct

The journal does not permit:

guest authorship;
honorary authorship;
ghost authorship;
undisclosed changes in authorship;
inappropriate exclusion of legitimate contributors; or
submission without the knowledge and approval of all listed authors.

Changes to authorship after submission require a written explanation and the agreement of all affected authors.

6. Conflicts of Interest

Authors, reviewers and editors must disclose actual, potential or perceived conflicts of interest that could influence their judgement.

Editors and reviewers must recuse themselves where a conflict could compromise the independence or impartiality of the review or editorial decision.

7. Peer-Review Integrity

MJED operates a double-blind peer-review system.

Reviewers must:

maintain confidentiality;
provide objective and constructive assessments;
disclose conflicts of interest;
avoid using unpublished manuscript information for personal benefit;
identify relevant published work where appropriate; and
notify the editor of suspected plagiarism, duplicate publication or other ethical concerns.

8. Editorial Misconduct

Editors must not:

manipulate peer review;
suppress legitimate scholarly criticism;
favour particular authors or institutions;
interfere with independent reviewer assessments without legitimate editorial reasons;
use confidential manuscript information for personal advantage; or
make publication decisions based on commercial or personal interests.

9. Research Ethics

Research involving human participants, personal data, confidential information or other ethically sensitive material must comply with applicable ethical standards and institutional requirements.

Where ethical approval or informed consent is required, authors must provide an appropriate statement.

10. Allegations of Misconduct

Allegations of research or publication misconduct will be taken seriously whether received before or after publication.

The Editor-in-Chief may request clarification or supporting documentation from authors and may contact the relevant institution or research organisation where appropriate.

Investigations will be conducted fairly and confidentially to the extent reasonably possible.

11. Post-Publication Concerns

Where credible evidence indicates that a published article contains serious errors or research misconduct, MJED may issue:

a correction;
an erratum;
a corrigendum;
an expression of concern; or
a retraction.

The appropriate action will depend on the nature and seriousness of the issue.

12. Complaints and Appeals

Authors may appeal an editorial decision where they believe that the decision resulted from a significant factual error, procedural irregularity, reviewer conflict of interest or other substantial concern.

Appeals must provide clear evidence and should not merely repeat arguments already considered during peer review.

Complaints concerning editorial conduct, peer review or publication ethics should be submitted to the Editor-in-Chief or designated editorial authority.

13. Cooperation with Institutions

Where serious allegations involve research misconduct, the journal may cooperate with the relevant author’s institution, research organisation, funding body or other competent authority.

14. Corrections to the Scholarly Record

The journal is committed to preserving an accurate and trustworthy scholarly record. Necessary corrections will be linked to the original article and clearly identified.

15. Policy Review

This policy will be periodically reviewed to ensure continued alignment with recognised international publication-ethics standards and developments in scholarly publishing.